ABSTRACT
Due to long-term use of immunosuppressant, poor immune function and a higher risk of critical diseases after novel coronavirus pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients, it is of significance to deliver prophylactic vaccination for this high-risk population. Studies have shown that the immune reaction of kidney transplant recipients to novel coronavirus vaccine is significantly lower than that of healthy counterparts. Standard vaccination program in the United States, such as 2 doses of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, fails to provide sufficient protection for kidney transplant recipients. Many studies have proven that increasing the frequency of vaccination for kidney transplant recipients may enhance the vaccine efficacy. Nevertheless, the role of adjusting immunosuppressive therapy in increasing vaccine efficacy remains to be elucidated. In this article, the importance, effectiveness and particularity of novel coronavirus vaccine for kidney transplant recipients and the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the efficacy of novel coronavirus vaccine were reviewed, aiming to provide reference on the vaccination for kidney transplant recipients.
ABSTRACT
Vitamin D3 is a kind of vitamin that plays important roles in maintaining the normal physiological function of the human body, and its metabolites and analogues exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity. Vitamin D3 could be activated and converted into 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a kind of steroid hormone, in the human body, which participates in the regulation of cellular metabolism by activating vitamin D receptor (a kind of transcription factor), thus exerting immunomodulatory effects. This is essential for maintaining the physiological health of the body. Currently, there is a growing number of studies that suggest important roles for 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in organ transplantation immunomodulation and tolerance. Therefore, we reviewed the overview and physiological effects of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D3 and the application of vitamin D3 in clinical organ transplantation, and summarized the value of applying vitamin D3 in inducing immune tolerance in transplantation, with the aim of providing a reference for promoting the application of vitamin D3 in transplantation immunity.
ABSTRACT
We herein report a case of unilateral 3rd cranial nerve palsy in a 15 years old boy. It can be due to numerous aetiologies like infectious, inflammatory, malignant, metabolic or vascular. In our case the nerve palsy was preceded by history of high grade fever of 5 days. Involvement of 3rd cranial nerve started 9 days after fever onset, insidiously, presenting as Ptosis and Diplopia. No history of altered sensorium, limb weakness, diurnal variation. Routine investigation was normal. Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre (ICTC) was negative. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) study revealed viral picture but was negative for neurotropic viral panel. MRI brain was essentially normal except for presence of small Lipoma over prepontine cistern. Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) were negative. Serology for Dengue was sent considering the history of high grade fever associated with blanchable rash. Dengue IgM report came out to be reactive. CSF Dengue IgM also came out to be reactive. Patient was put on short course of oral steroid therapy and cranial nerve palsy improved gradually. Neurological complications of dengue is uncommon. Few cases of Cranial Nerve Involvement associated with Dengue have been reported in the literature, most of them are associated with encephalitis. But in our case Cranial Nerve involvement was not associated with Encephalitis, it was probably due to immune reactions secondary to Dengue, making this case atypical.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/ cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase)-1/Gasdermin D (GSDMD) signaling axis-mediated hepatocyte pyroptosis on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the sham operation group (Sham group), IRI 2 h group, IRI 6 h group, IRI 12 h group, glycyrrhizic acid (GA)+Sham group and GA+IRI 12 h group (n=8 in each group). AML12 cells were evenly divided into the Sham group, IRI 12 h group, GA+Sham group and GA+IRI 12 h group. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in each group were detected by enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay(ELISA). The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The pathological score of liver ischemia and cell apoptosis were compared among all groups. The expression level of HMGB1 in the liver tissues of each group was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of HMGB1, Caspase-1 and GSDMD proteins in the mouse liver tissues and AML12 cells were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with the Sham group, the serum levels of ALT, AST, IL-1β and IL-6 and the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the liver tissues were all significantly up-regulated after IRI in each group (all P < 0.05), and showed significant time-dependent pattern along with the prolongation of reperfusion time. Compared with the Sham group, the pathological score of hepatic ischemia and the apoptosis rate of hepatocytes were significantly increased after IRI in each group (all P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression level of HMGB1 in the liver tissues was significantly up-regulated after IRI, which showed an increasing trend along with the prolongation within the period of 2-12 h. Western blot showed that compared with the Sham group, the relative expression levels of HMGB1, Caspase-1 and GSDMD proteins in vivo and in vitro were up-regulated in the IRI 12 h group. The relative expression level of HMGB1 protein was significantly up-regulated, whereas those of Caspase-1 and GSDMD proteins were significantly down-regulated in the GA+IRI 12 h group compared with those in the IRI 12 h group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Hepatocytes probably activate the Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway by releasing HMGB1, thereby triggering hepatocyte pyroptosis and leading to liver IRI. Inhibition of extracellular release of HMGB1 by GA may mitigate liver IRI.
ABSTRACT
@#The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Toll-like receptor (TLR4)- mediated dendritic cell (DC) immune against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. C. parvum sporozoites were labeled with 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Murine bone marrow-derived DCs were isolated, and divided into TLR4 antibody blocking (TAB; infected with 2 × 105 labeled sporozoites and 0.5 μg TLR4 blocking antibody), TLR4 antibody unblocking (TAU; infected with 2 × 105 labeled sporozoites), and blank control (BC; with 1.5 mL Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium) groups. The adhesion of Cryptosporidium sporozoites to DCs and CD11c+ levels were examined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Male KM mice were orally injected with C. parvum. The proliferation of T lymphocytes in spleen, expression of cytokines in peripheral blood, and TLR4 distribution features in different organs were further determined by immunohistochemistry. A significantly higher expression of CD11c+ and higher C. parvum sporozoite adhesion were found in the TAU group compared with other groups. The expression of CD4+CD8- /CD8+CD4- in the spleen were obviously differences between the TAB and TAU groups. The expression of TLR4, interleukin IL-4, IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-γ improved in the TAU group compared with TAB group. Higher expression of TLR4 was detected in the lymph nodes of mice in the TAU group, with pathological changes in the small intestine. Hence, TLR4 could mediate DCs to recognize C. parvum, inducing Th1 immune reaction to control C. parvum infection.
ABSTRACT
In addition to induce cell death in tumor cells, ionizing radiation (IR) regulates many biological behaviors of malignant tumors, such as intrinsic radiosensitivity, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, as well as immune response of tumor cells. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 are highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, and are involved in the process of remote metastasis, blood vessel formation, immune regulation, and therapeutic resistance of malignant tumors. Recent studies have found that the CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis plays critical roles in the IR-regulated biological behavior of malignant tumors. This paper reviews the roles of CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis in the biological behavior changes of irradiated malignant tumors.
ABSTRACT
In addition to induce cell death in tumor cells,ionizing radiation (IR) regulates many biological behaviors of malignant tumors,such as intrinsic radiosensitivity,invasion and metastasis,angiogenesis,as well as immune response of tumor cells.The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 are highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors,and are involved in the process of remote metastasis,blood vessel formation,immune regulation,and therapeutic resistance of malignant tumors.Recent studies have found that the CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis plays critical roles in the IR-regulated biological behavior of malignant tumors.This paper reviews the roles of CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis in the biological behavior changes of irradiated malignant tumors.
ABSTRACT
Although many studies have focused on how material surface modifications can promote stem cell differentiation toward osteogenic osteoblasts, little is known about the reaction between material surface and other cells, including osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells. Dental implant osseointegration results from the functional coupling and equilibrium not only between osteoblasts and osteoclasts but also between bone tissue and immune system. Osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells share the same origin, monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, which have initially got concerns in the field of implant osseointegration with regard to their peri-implant distribution and biological functions. Up-to-date data has shown that cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage origin manifest key roles in the establishment of peri-implant osseointegration and the long-term maintenance of marginal bone level and the prevalence of peri-implantitis. However, preliminary progress has been made in the subtypes, phenotypes vs. genotypes, and functions of monocyte/macrophage-lineage-originated cells on the osseointegration interface, quite a lot of facts still remain unclear, especially the potential and the rapeutic targets which could coordinate the cellular peri-implant microenvironment and the implant osseointegrated interface in the short and long term. This review will focus on the current progress in the function of monocyte/macrophage-lineage origin cells on the peri-implant osseointegration interface.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the relationship between Tourette syndrome and mycoplasma pneumoniae.Methods Seventy Tourette syndrome children were selected as TS group, and seventy healthy children as control group, then throat swabs MP-DNA and plasma MP-IgM, MP-IgG were detected.TS group were divided into MP-DNA positive group (n =21) and MP-DNA negative group (n =21) according to result of throat swabs MP-DNA.TS group were given haloperidol orally, we noted down daily dose of haloperidol at weekend.On the basis of the haloperidol therapy, MP-DNA positive group were treated with azithromycin.Before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after treatnent, we assessed YGTSS of MP-DNA positive group and MP-DNA negative group.Results (1) MP-DNA positive rate of TS group and control group were 30％ and 0％ respectively, and the differences were significant (x2 =24.706, P =0.000);MP-IgM positive rate of TS group and control group were 27％ and 17％ respectively, and there was no significant difference between two groups (x2 =2.030, P =0.154);MP-IgG positive rate of TS group and control group were 80％ and 64％ respectively, and the differences were significant (x2 =4.301, P=0.038).(2) Before and after 1, 2 weeks of treatment, the score of YGTSS was 30.65 ±5.41, 12.14 ±5.93, 28.07 ±8.69, 29.63 ±2.99, 11.68 ±5.99, 25.80 ± 9.42 respectively in MP-DNA positive group and MP-DNA negative group, and there was no significant difference between two groups (P ＞ 0.05);After 4, 6 and 8 weeks of treatment, the score of YGTSS was 60.87 ±23.75, 71.93 ±13.08, 80.19±12.91, 46.94±18.76, 60.53 ±17.42, 71.08 ±14.22 respectively in MP-DNA positive group and MP-DNA negative group, and the differences were significant (P＜0.05);3.After 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment, the daily dose of haloperidol was 0.43 ±0.12, 0.86±0.23, 1.71 ±0.46, 2.37 ±0.67, 0.44 ±0.11, 0.88 ±0.22, 1.76 ±0.44, 2.54 ±0.54 mg respectively in MP-DNA positive group and MP-DNA negative group, and there was no significant difference between two groups (P ＞ 0.05);After 8 weeks of treatment, the daily dose of haloperidol was 2.45 ± 0.75, 3.00±0.93mg, and the differences were significant (t=2.104, P=0.042).Conclusion Mycoplasma pneumoniae may play a role in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome, the pathogensis of Tourette syndrome been involed in immune reaction.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of rapamycin on the balance of T helper cell subsets in rats with pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and rapamycin group, with 5 rats in each group. Pulmonary fibrosis model was reproduced by using the method of intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). Control group was treated by intratracheal instillation of saline (1.25 mL/kg) to obtain the negative control. The rats of the rapamycin group were given rapamycin (1 mg·kg-1·d-1) by gastric perfusion for consecutive 10 days beginning on the 3rd day after intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. On the 28th day all rats were sacrificed, and the peripheral blood and the lung tissues were harvested. The lung tissue was observed. And the severity of pulmonary fibrosis in rats was assessed by Ashcroft score. The lung tissues were performed using immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression ofγ-interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukins (IL-4, IL-17). Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Results The severity of pulmonary fibrosis was improved in rats of rapamycin group compared with that of model group, and the Ashcroft score was decreased (2.92±0.64 vs. 5.76±1.76, F = 16.276, P = 0.080). The expression levels of IL-4 and IL-17 (A value) in model group were the highest (4 789.0±1 014.6, 19 139.0±2 433.3), followed by those of the rapamycin group (3 547.0±953.8, 10 380.0±2 352.4), and the least was found in the control group (1 627.0±914.8, 4 419.0±923.6). The expression levels of IFN-γ (A value) in control group were the highest (9 956.0±1 172.6), followed by those of the rapamycin group (7 487.0±998.4), and the least was found in the model group (6 054.0±1 045.2). There were significantly differences in above parameters among three groups (all P<0.01). Compared with the control group and model group, the percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in CD4+CD25+, CD4+cells, and lymphocytes were significantly increased in rapamycin group [(57.36±8.84)% vs. (41.28±5.91)%, (34.52±4.56)%; (4.77±0.48)% vs. (3.15±0.37)%, (3.14±0.28)%;(1.97±0.22)%vs. (1.24±0.17)%, (1.44±0.21)%, all P<0.05], and the percentages of CD8+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in CD8+CD25+, CD8+cells, and lymphocytes were also significantly increased in rapamycin group [(73.92±7.69)% vs. (33.44±4.46)%, (49.14±11.38)%; (1.73±1.05)% vs. (0.46±0.15)%, (0.71±0.42)%;(0.31±0.20)% vs. (0.09±0.04)%, (0.14±0.09)%, all P < 0.05]. The percentage of CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in CD8+CD25+in model group was significantly higher than that in control group [(49.14±11.38)% vs. (33.44±4.46)%, P < 0.05]. Conclusions T helper cell subsets are imbalanced in pulmonary fibrosis rats. Rapamycin can prevent bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and its antifibrotic effect maybe the promotion of proliferation and function of regulatory T cells and imbalance regulation of T helper cell subsets.
ABSTRACT
Biliary atresia is the most common obstructive cholangiopathy in infants.Its etiology and pathogenesis still remains unclear.Hypothetical mechanisms include genetic predisposition,viral infection,chronic inflammation or autoimmune-mediated bile duct injury,and congenital malformations of vessels or biliary tracts.The key pathogenesis is related to viral infection and immunoreaction.This review overviewed the research progress in the pathogenesis of biliary atresia in the past few years.
ABSTRACT
Background Corneal transplantation is the most reliable and effective means to treat the corneal blindness in the clinical,immune rejection is a major cause of corneal graft failure after the keratoplasty.Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of Tim-1 in the immune reaction following corneal transplantation in rats.Methods Forty clean female Wistar rats were randomized into normal control group,autologous corneal transplantation group and allogeneic corneal transplantation group.Penetrating corneal transplantation was performed with the Wistar rat donors and Wistar rat receipts in the autologous corneal transplantation group,while with the SD rat donors and Wistar rat receipts in the allogeneic corneal transplantation group.The corneal graft diameter was 3.5 mm and the plant bed diameter was 3.0 mm.The inflammatory response of the grafts was examined under the slit lamp microscope 7 days and 14 days after operation and scored based on the criteria of Larkin.Rejection index (RI),mean survival time and survival rate were calculated.The histopathological examination was performed 7 days and 14 days after surgery to evaluate the inflammatory manifestation,and the expressions of Tim-1 protein and mRNA were assayed by immnunochemistry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)in the time points mentioned above.Results Mild edema of the grafts were found 7 days after operation in both the autologous corneal transplantation group and the allogeneic corneal transplantation group.In postoperative 14 days,the grafts were clear in the autologous corneal transplantation group,but the thickening,neovacularization and cloudy of the grafts were exhibited in the allogeneic corneal transplantation group.The survival rate of the grafts was 100％ in the autologous corneal transplantation group and that of the allogeneic corneal transplantation group was 0 with the survival time of (9.8±1.2) days.Histopathological examination revealed the stromal infiltration of inflammatory cells in both the autologous and allogeneic corneal transplantation groups in the seventh day,however,the inflammatory cells were obvious decreased in the autologous group but increased in the allogeneic corneal transplantation group in the fourteenth day.Immunochemistry showed a gradually declined positive cells for Tim-1 protein in the autologous corneal transplantation group,but the positive cells were exactly elevated in the allogeneic corneal transplantation group from 7 days through 14 days after operation;While only few positive cells were seen in the normal control group.The expression levels of Tim-1 mRNA in the grafts were 1.24 ± 0.03,5.85 ± 0.08 and 6.54 ± 0.20 in the normal control group,autologous corneal transplantation group and that of the allogeneic corneal transplantation group,respectively,in the seventh day,and in the fourteen day after operation,the expression level declined to 1.54 ±0.10 in the autologous corneal transplantation group and elevated to 8.62±0.24 in the allogeneic corneal transplantation group,showing significant differences among the different groups and various time points (Fgroup =3 277.590,P =0.000 ; Ftime =136.000,P =0.000).Conclusions Tim-1 may play an important role not only in the inflammatory response but also in the rejection reaction of the corneal transplantation.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of mediating recipient lymphocyte reaction with donor dendritic cells (DCs) in renal allograft recipients to guide individualized inmunosuppressive therapy. Methods From Jan. 2008 to Jan. 2010, 30 recipients received living related kidney transplantation were successively and divided into 2 groups according to the strategies of the correction of the dosage of immunosuppressant, 15 in each group. The strategy of immunosuppressive therapy in both groups was Tac + MMF + Pred. The correction of the dosage of immunosuppressant in experimental group was conducted by recipient lymphocyte reaction with donor DC (LR) combined with Tac and MPA blood concentration monitoring. Only blood concentration monitoring of drugs was applied in control group. Examinations of liver and renal function, blood and urine routine as well as blood sugar were done monthly for 1 year. ResultsDuring the follow-up period, the rate of acute rejection in experimental group and control group was 13. 3 ％ and 46. 7 ％ respectively (P＜0. 05) ;the rate of infection in experimental group and control group was 6. 7％ and 40. 0％ (P＜0. 05)respectively; the adverse reaction rate in experimental group and control group was 13. 3％ and 46. 7％(P＜0. 05). There was no significant difference in the serum creatinine level between the two groups at each observation point. ConclusionThe application of combined recipient LR with donor DC and blood concentration monitoring of drugs in individualized irnmunosuppressive therapy is more comprehensive and accurate.
ABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: A case report. OBJECTIVES: To document that Gelfoam(R) (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) contributes to granuloma formation and spinal cord irritation by immune response. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: The Gelfoam(R) or microfibrillar collagen applied during various operation for hemostasis. Some complications of Gelfoam(R), such as mechanical cord compression, postoperative swelling and mass effect in closed cavity have been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient was underwent posterior decompression and instrumented posterolateral fusion under the diagnosis of the ossification of ligamentum flavum at T10-11 and T11-12. In operation, Gelfoam(R) was used at epidural space. She complained of sensory deterioration and muscle weakness around lower extremities after 10days postoperatively. A second operation was performed. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the patient immediately improved motor grade except spasticity. She is under observation. CONCLUSIONS: Gelfoam(R) at epidural space after posterior decompression can result hyperactive immune reaction and irritate spinal cord.
Subject(s)
Humans , Collagen , Decompression , Epidural Space , Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable , Granuloma , Hemostasis , Ligamentum Flavum , Lower Extremity , Muscle Spasticity , Muscle Weakness , Spinal Cord , Spinal Cord Diseases , Spinal FusionABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the effect of immune reaction induced by alginate on parotid acinar cells in vitro. Methods: Rabbits were immunized from the conjugated alginate- BSA (1.0 mg/kg) by 40-days routine immunity method. ELJSA method was used to examine the titration (valence) of anti-alginate serum. Five groups (group A: contrast, group B: BSA, group C; alginate, group D: anti-alginate serum, group E; alginate + anti-alginate serum) were examined by MTT method at four time points( 1, 6,12 and 24 h). The growth and morphology of parotid acinar cells were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope. Results: Antibody-serum was acquired by routine immunity method, and the titration (valence) of anti-alginate serum was 1: 400. MTT results showed that the proliferation of parotid acinar cells had been limited at 24 h( P <0.05), the other three time points showed no difference. Under inverted phase contrast microscope, a few of acinar cells whose membranes were destroyed after 12 h, some cell contents leaked out. The holes in membrane could be seen early at 6h under scanning electron microscope. Most of the acinar cells were broken at 24 h. Conclusion: The antibody-serum to alginate and immunized rabbit was acquired by routine immunity method. The immune reaction induced by alginate can destroy parotid acinar cells in vitro.
ABSTRACT
Kidney allograft transplantation is the most effective method of renal replacement for end stage renal disease patients. Still, it is another kind of 'disease', requiring immunosuppression to keep the allograft from rejection(allograft immune reaction). Immune system of the allograft recipient recognizes the graft as a 'pathogen(foreign or danger)', and the allograft-recognizing commander- in-chief of adaptive immune system, T cell, recruits all the components of immune system for attacking the graft. Proper activation and proliferation of T cell require signals from recognizing proper epitope(processed antigen by antigen presenting cell) via T cell receptor, costimulatory stimuli, and cytokines(IL-2). Thus, most of the immunosuppressive agents suppress the process of T cell activation and proliferation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Immune System , Immunosuppression Therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents , Kidney , Kidney Failure, Chronic , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell , Rejection, Psychology , Transplantation Tolerance , Transplantation, Homologous , TransplantsABSTRACT
Objective To study systemic hematogenic immunoreactions induced by bacterial infections using simulation of natural system.Methods Whole blood 0.2 mL or white blood cells 0.2 mL and plasma(or normal saline)0.3 mL were stimulated by 0.2 mL of yeast and inactivated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG,5?10~8/mL),respectively,which were incubated at 37℃for 1 h. Interleukin(IL)-8,C3,C4 and chemokine receptor Fy6 were detected by flow cytometry(FCM)and en- zyme-linked immunosorbentassay(ELISA).Results Bacteria could activate red blood cell to modulate IL-8 release from white blood cells in plasma.In nature experimental group,activation rate(37.04?34.84)of IL-8 was significantly higher than that(1.09?0.77)in isolation experimental group.In nature experimen- tal group,value increment(0.01?0.01)of complement C4 was significantly higher than that(-0.0027?0.008)of isolation experimental group(P
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of Shenqi Decoction on inflammation and immune reaction, immune state, restenosis (RS) after implantation of stents in patients with coronary artery disease, and to investigate its mechanism. Methods Eighty-eight patients with coronary artery disease after implantation of stents were randomly divided into the treatment group (45 cases) and the control group (43 cases). The control group was treated with routine treatment, and the treatment group was treated with Shenqi Decoction additionally for six months. RS rate, the level of hs-CRP, the marker of activation of T lymphocytes (CD3+/HLA-DR+), sIL-2R and the scores of blood-stasis syndrome and deficiency of Qi syndrome were observed. Results The RS rate in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group (P
ABSTRACT
The incidence of allergic diseases has dramatically increased in recent decades, particularly in developed areas. The precise reason for this has not been figured out. However, improved hygiene, having such results as a decrease in childhood infections, has been thought to be an important environmental factor from the points of epidemiology. To clarify the molecular mechanism of the effects of environmental factors on allergic diseases is important to consider what kind of complementary and alternative medicine is effective for the improvement of allergic diseases.<br>